Imagine you're building a sophisticated e-commerce platform that needs to dynamically apply various business rules. These rules could range from simple discount calculations based on user roles or order value to complex fraud detection mechanisms and personalized product recommendations. The challenge is that these rules are constantly evolving and being updated by business stakeholders, requiring a flexible and maintainable system.

A traditional if-else statement approach would quickly become unmanageable and difficult to extend or modify. We need a robust and scalable solution that allows us to define, manage, and execute these business rules in a decoupled and efficient manner. This is where a Business Rule Engine comes into play.

The core idea is to separate the business logic (the rules) from the application's core code. Rules are defined declaratively (e.g., in a configuration file or a dedicated rule management interface) and then executed by the engine against the incoming data. This allows business users to modify the rules without requiring code changes or redeployments, greatly improving agility and responsiveness.

Your task is to design and implement a simplified Business Rule Engine that can process a set of rules against a given input and produce a result. This engine should be flexible enough to accommodate different types of rules and data, and it should be designed with extensibility and maintainability in mind. We will focus on creating a robust and elegant object-oriented design for the engine. The rule definitions are to be handled programmatically for this exercise.

Requirements